DTT is frequently used to reduce the disulfide bonds of proteins and, more generally, to prevent intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds from forming between cysteine residues of proteins. DTT is oftentimes used along with sodium dodecylsulfate

Allophycocyanin (APC) is a phycobiliprotein isolated from Spirulina sp., a blue-green alga. Like other phycobiliproteins, APC is fluorescent, with an extremely high absorptivity and a high quantum efficiency. It is a protein which can be easily linked to

R-Phycoerythrin (RPE+) is a phycobiliprotein isolated from a species of red algae chosen specifically because it yields one of the most highly fluorescent of the RPEs. Like other phycobiliproteins, RPE+ is fluorescent, with an extremely high absorptivity,